White on the Outside Black on the Inside

By: Vanessa Vargas

Irish immigrants faced a completely different way of life then any other white ethnic groups from other European countries. Even though dark skin color truly affected your quality of life in the United States during the 1800’s the Irish although white skinned were disenfranchised and categorized along with the black skinned people. This hatred towards the Irish is clearly seen in the 1800’s advertisements such as “Alien Menace”.

Having white skin today we rarely would think that that person had any hardships facing racial discrimination in the United States during the 1800’s. The Irish is characterized as very fair skin and they have been ridiculed and pushed out in the margins of society along with the black group. The sentiment that people in the United States have today about Irish has defiantly changed over time when they were not accepted in the mainstream society in the 1800’s. Today we accept Irish and do not really think as harshly of them as the United States once did. Some conceptions that have stayed and stigmatized the Irish since the 1800’s is there image of St. Patrick’s Day were Irish are known to celebrate by drinking, and drinking a lot. So in the sense of drinking a great amount of alcohol that has a stereotypical past time for the Irish people.

In the advertisement of “Alien Menace” it clearly shows how in the past Irish were seen as violent, uneducated, ill mannered, dangerous, harsh, and drunk. The character that practically looks like a stressed out animal that would attack at any moment is seen giving a speech amongst a group of civilized men who are baffled and can not believe the Irish man’s failed attempt to talk as an educated gentleman. The main character is bold and has harsh jagged lines that illustrate him and a deeper meaning of how harsh, brutal and violent Irish men were. Irish men were seen as violent resulting from getting drunk and the main character is yelling because he is uneducated and does not know how to conduct himself as a true white man in society would conduct himself amongst peers of a government. The main character is also shown with a very stout and massive body making him look like a strong animal. He sort of looks like a pit-bull and pit bulls are very muscular dogs with a lot of force and strength but they are brute animals that are also short tempered just like the Irish man in the advertisement he has lost his short temper just like a brute animal would do. This dehumanized the Irish people making them unable to fit in to society because they basically look like they are not humans but animals so they can not fit in.

In the present the Irish are seen as a group of people who like to drink and sometimes drinking does result in violence so there are times today when the Irish can also be associated with violence. Irish can still be seen as fighters on the movie screen where there are combat competitions in violent movies. Their reputation of fighting was seen in the movie “gangs of New York” and in other fighting combat movies released in the 1990’s.The only difference is that Irish are now seen as more educated then they once were because they were able to assimilate into society and the education system in the united states has helped them received the same education as all groups in the U.S.

Post # 2: The American Revolution: All That is Fuzzy and Warm

By: Vanessa Christina Vargas  

Sunshine warms the black mans smiling tranquil face as he picks the crop from the lush green field. The head of the house hold is a friendly yet strong father figure and exemplifies courage and justice. Until his son is killed (in slow motion) and then all hell breaks lose. The way Hollywood has presented the American Revolution through movies such as The Patriot, conveys the unrealistic and soften version of social norms as well as over dramatizes other characteristics pertaining the 1700’s time period in American History. Issues such as the clear cut notion of which side had good or evil intentions as well as the treatment of enslaved or freed men workers are grossly underestimated in the Hollywood perspective.

The Central historical message of The Patriot is shedding a little light on the historical time period during the event of the American Revolution. The only problem is the little light that Hollywood decides to show is manipulated to produce the most entertainment value possible. Hollywood has certain criteria it sticks to when making action films based on an American historical event such as; one dimensional characters and clear cut good guys vs. evil villains.

As the Loyalist red coat officer rides up on his horse he is told by the working black men that they are not slaves rather they are free to leave when they please. Indicating that the master of the farm treats them with respect and does not physically hurt them. This was not the normal standard in the 1700’s to treat slaves or freed black working hands as humans and respect. Usually there were beatings to keep the slaves from running away or used as a tactic to keep order among all slaves. It was rare that the black worker would be free rather it was most common to have slave workers in the plantations. There were also a large number of slaves who were egger to fight in army to gain their freedom and Hollywood’s only depiction of slaves is an extreme case where the black worker did not want to fight in order to leave the plantation quarters to achieve freedom. Hollywood wants to give the public a soften version of slavery conditions during the American revolution to show that the main characters one dimensional character stands for all that is equal and essentially all that is good so there is no question in his actions later on in the plot.

The music starts up in a dramatic scary tone as the commanding Loyalist red coat officer tells his troops to kill and hang the helpless Patriot blue coat soldiers. Then the main character reminds the Loyalist commanding officer that he is not abiding by the rules of war and he is in turn threatened by death to his family. The British armies were over dramatized and embodied all that was evil. When in reality the British army were known to be more civil in war tactics then the patriot army was. This was how Hollywood wanted to portray the Loyalists as the true stereotypical villain that could not possibly have any reasonable motives backing its actions. While the Patriots clearly played the role of all that is good vs. the evil Loyalists.

Hollywood serves its purpose by entertaining the mass public and it is not meant to be a documentary film by all means. The movie had a purpose which was to entertain more so then to inform what the historical time period really was like. There had to be a decision of content over entrainment and clearly Hollywood must satisfy the movie watchers expectations to make dollars at the box office. There were over dramatizes of the loyalist being completely evil and the patriots standing for all that is righteous in the world but that was not exactly the case. Each country had good intentions as well as bad ones but of course Hollywood had to make it clear that one side was completely evil or completely good as to not confuse the audience and give them a sense of familiarity. If the audience is given too many facts past the one dimensional characterizations then the movie becomes less entertaining and less profitable. Hollywood is interested in money in the bank and carefully chooses how they will manipulate historical events for the mass public.

Post #1 “A Different Kind of Lost and Found Ad”

By: Vanessa Vargas

The Norfolk Herald (Willet and O’Connor),Norfolk, January 6, 1798, impersonally request the return of a slave named Robin who can be easily identified by his broken leg that is now “ rather smaller than the other [I believe his right] a scar on his left cheek, and a fresh scar over his left eye, from a stroke.” Newspaper Ads, such as the one above from The Norfolk Herald, reveals the high Colonial economical dependency on slave labor specifically through the occurrences of physical disfigurement being used as identifiers for the runaway slaves in ads.

Physical Descriptions were given in the majority of the newspaper advisement and with each new description there was an underlying clue as to how much slaves were important factors in the American economy. Physical disfigurements were often the commonly used description for identifying the runaway slaves. The connection between the amounts of abuse that slaves went through indicates that there was more burden on the slave’s body as the slave owner began to stress the use of his slaves as the main economic producer. The ads describe that scars from whippings and burns on the face, back and/or hands were caused by either a form of punishment or while performing intensive work. Through ads, such as The Virginia Gazette (Parks), Williamsburg, July 24 to July 31, 1746 which suggests that Sharper the runaway slave can be identified by his “one leg turned inward” we can assume that the overbearing demand on the Sharper’s labor has been pushed to an extreme in which his body was not able to handle and therefore his body overworked itself and eventually began to break down. A general patterns can be seen by the consistently reported disfigurements that occurred in the Ads and can be linked with how the economy for could not function with out the use of slavery from 1764-1803. The masters had to use brutal punishments that would scar or burn the slaves in order to reach the optimal potential labor output possible. In Post #1 30 Ads, section 1: 1736-1763 there are 5 out of 10 accounts (50%) of disfigurements. In Section 2: 1764-1786 there are also 5 out of 10 accounts (50%) of disfigurements. In Section 3: 1787-1803there were 6 out of 10 accounts (60%) of disfigurements given. These numbers indicate how there was a constantly high demand of economic dependency on slaves because the connection between mistreatment during harsh and stressed working conditions and the means of getting obedience through violence.

In the last portion of Post#1 30 Ads; Section 31787-1803 there is a 10% increased difference of disfigurement that that experienced when compared to the other two sections. The increasing occurrence of physical disfigurement furthers the notion that the Colonial economy was becoming increasingly independent on the labor of slaves for their majority of economic gain compared from 1787 to later 1803. This gives further insight of how colonial capitalism exploited the slave labor resource for all it was worth to achieve the optimal profit gain regardless of the costs of physical torture it was for the slave laborers. Gradually the dependency on slave labor became more critical to stay afloat in the economy which ultimately increased suffering and scaring for slaves emotionally and physically.

Post #1 30 Ads

Section 1: 1736-1763

1

Dec 17, 1736

Virginia Gazete (parks), Williamsburg

York County, VA

# of Runaways: 2

Birthplace: N/A

Name: Yes (both)

Age: N/A

Male or Female: Males

Goods Taken: 4 Ores and stern and anchor

Skills: rowing, labor

Physical description: Height given, body shape, skin color, facial expression

Character described: used word “squat” for one and facial expressions to describe both

Suspected ware a bouts: Clinch-work Yawl to row

Reward Offered: None extra other then the law’s required reward

Anything Unique: Knows where his slaves are most likely heading

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slaves

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Abusive

Geographic where published: York Country, VA

Home of Subscriber: Williamsburg

How long missing: N/A

Disfigurements: Scars

Clothing description: Yes clothing described as worn

2

May 18 to May 25,1739

Virginia Gazette (parks), Williamsburg

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: Country

Name: Yes

Age: N/A

Male or Female: Male

Goods Taken: Clothing accessories and “other sorts of apparel”

Skills: N/A

Physical description: Physical Description given

Character described: N/A

Suspected ware abouts: N/A

Reward Offered: +40 Shillings

Anything Unique: N/A

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Abusive

Geographic where published: N/A

Home of Subscriber: Williamsburg

How long missing: May18-May 25 (7 days)

Disfigurements: N/A

Clothing description: Yes worn

3

Virginia Gazette (Parks),

Williamsburg, October 26 to November 2, 1739

# of Runaways: 2

Birthplace: Yes

Name: Yes (both)

Age: Yes 30 & 18

Male or Female: Both

Goods Taken: Nothing

Skills: N/A

Physical description: Tall man and square/big pregnant women

Character described: N/A

Suspected ware a bouts: N/A

Reward Offered: + 2 Pistols

Anything Unique: Women was pregnant, & couple were married

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slaves

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Abusive

Geographic where published: N/A

Home of Subscriber: Williamsburg

How long missing: October 26 to November 2 (months)

Disfigurements: N/A

Clothing description: Shabby, worn, and old clothing

4

Virginia Gazette (Parks), Williamsburg,

May 8 to May 15 1746

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: N/A

Name: Yes, Stephen

Age: Yes, 16

Male or Female: Male

Goods Taken: Cloth & Cash

Skills: Clever

Physical description: Yes disfigurements

Character described: Artful & Cunning & Brisk & sensible.

Suspected ware a bouts: towards Matopony River, perhaps change his course towards northward then southward

Reward Offered: +1 pistol or +3 Pistols if in VA

Anything Unique: Was seen riding a horse

Crimes Committed: Stole

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Abusive

Geographic where published: N/A

Home of Subscriber: Williamsburg

How long missing: May8 to May 15 (days)

Disfigurements: Scars

Clothing description: N/A

5

Virginia Gazette (Parks),
Williamsburg, July 24 to July 31, 1746.

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: N/A

Name: Yes, Sharper

Age: N/A

Male or Female: Male

Goods Taken: N/A

Skills: N/A

Physical description: Yes descriptive disfigurement worn body, Medium height, limps

Character described: N/A

Suspected ware a bouts: N/A

Reward Offered: + 1 pistol

Anything Unique: Very worn down body

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave, Laborer

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Extremely Abusive

Geographic where published: N/A

Home of Subscriber: Williamsburg

How long missing: July 24 to July 31 (days)

Disfigurements: one leg turned inward

Clothing description: Worn clothing

6

Maryland Gazette (Green),
Annapolis, March 15, 1749.

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace:

Name: Jack Spurlock

Age: N/A

Male or Female:

Goods Taken:

Skills:

Physical description: color of skin is yellowish complexion, and thin visage

Character described: Sensible

Suspected ware a bouts: N/A

Reward Offered: + 2pistoles

Anything Unique: Extremely Abusive wants his slave back at all costs.

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: DEAD or ALIVE!

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Extremely Abusive

Geographic where published: N/A

Home of Subscriber: Annapolis

How long missing: N/A

Disfigurements: Bow legged, burned on face and marks on back

Clothing description: N/A

7

Virginia Gazette (Hunter),
Williamsburg, January 3, 1752.

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: N/A

Name: Yes, Glasgow

Age: N/A

Male or Female: Male

Goods Taken: N/A

Skills: Speaks little English

Physical description: Color of skin

Character described: N/A

Suspected ware a bouts: N/A

Reward Offered: + 2 pistols

Anything Unique: Outlawed slave

Crimes Committed: Yes

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: N/A

Geographic where published: N/A

Home of Subscriber: Williamsburg

How long missing: N/A

Disfigurements: N/A

Clothing description: Worn clothing

8

Virginia Gazette (Hunter),
Williamsburg, March 20, 1752

# of Runaways: 2

Birthplace: N/A

Name: Yes, Anthony & Cooper

Age: Yes, Young

Male or Female: Males

Goods Taken: N/A

Skills: Smart

Physical description: slim, hollow eyed, other is a well set and young and has a boil on jaw

Character described: smart, sneaky

Suspected ware a bouts: suspect to be involved in neighborhood robbery

Reward Offered: + generously rewarded

Anything Unique: Have ran away before

Crimes Committed: Yes, Robbery

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slaves

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Non-Abusive

Geographic where published: N/A

Home of Subscriber: Williamsburg

How long missing: N/A

Disfigurements: Scar on wrist

Clothing description: N/A

9

Maryland Gazette (Green),
Annapolis, September 7, 1758

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: Yes, Guiney

Name: Joe

Age: N/A

Male or Female: Male

Goods Taken: N/A

Skills: Speaks French proficiently

Physical description: the color of his skin revealed, 5ft 8inches tall

Character described: Illiterate, few words in English

Suspected ware a bouts: N/A

Reward Offered: + 30shillings

Anything Unique: Speaks French, reward is money rather then pistol

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Non-abusive

Geographic where published: N/A

Home of Subscriber: Annapolis

How long missing: N/A

Disfigurements: N/A

Clothing description: N/A

10

Maryland Gazette (Green),
Annapolis, August 25, 1763

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: N/A

Name: Bob

Age: N/A

Male or Female: Male

Goods Taken: money, good quality clothing, when captured got away with their horse

Skills: Great at Manual Labor, Smart.

Physical description: Well set & Mulatto

Character described: slow talking, good manual laborer.

Suspected ware a bouts: Maryland working as a reap, saw plank or framing for mills

Reward Offered:3 pounds Virginia currency and reasonable charges

Reward Offered: + 3lbs Virginia Currency and Reasonable charges

Anything Unique: Passes as a free man, very skilled laborer who got away other times.

Crimes Committed: Stole a horse when capture and escaped

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Abusive

Geographic where published: N/A

Home of Subscriber: Annapolis

How long missing: N/A

Disfigurements: N/A

Clothing description: well dressed

Section 2: 1764-1786

1

Maryland Gazette (Green),
Annapolis, May 30, 1765.

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: Country

Name: Harry

Age: Yes, 30

Male or Female: Male

Goods Taken: N/A

Skills: N/A

Physical description: 8-9ft tall, yellow teeth

Character described: Slow speech

Suspected ware a bouts: Fairfax County

Reward Offered: + 4lbs

Anything Unique: No description of clothing worn

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Abusive

Geographic where published: Fairfax County, Va

Home of Subscriber: Annapolis

How long missing: Novemebr to May (7 months)

Disfigurements: Yes, whipping marks

Clothing description: N/A

2

Virginia Gazette (Purdie & Dixon),
Williamsburg, January 26, 1769.

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: N/A

Name: Yes, Frank

Age: N/A

Male or Female: Male

Goods Taken: N/A

Skills: N/A

Physical description: yellowish complexion

Character described: N/A

Suspected ware a bouts: N/A

Reward Offered: + 40 Shillings

Anything Unique: He has a lot of clothing and accessories

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Non-Abusive

Geographic where published: Williamsburg

Home of Subscriber: Prince George

How long missing: N/A

Disfigurements: burn on check

Clothing description: Various clothing moderate/good condition articles and styles

3

3Virginia Gazette (Purdie & Dixon),
Williamsburg, December 21, 1769

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: Virginia

Name: George

Age: Yes, 25

Male or Female: Male

Goods Taken: N/A

Skills: Clear speech, plays instrument, reads, and writes

Physical description: 5 f tall, medium build

Character described: Well made fellow, literate, very skilled and smart

Suspected ware a bouts: Carolina, possibly passed as a freeman

Reward Offered: +101 shillings or 151 shillings

Anything Unique: Very skilled

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Non-abusive

Geographic where published: Williamsburg

Home of Subscriber: Lancaster

How long missing: N/A

Disfigurements: N/A

Clothing description: “well made fellow” suggest moderate-high clothing articles

4

Virginia Gazette (Purdie & Dixon),
Williamsburg, January 7, 1773

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: Virginia

Name: N/A“a new negro boy”

Age: Yes, 15

Male or Female: Male

Goods Taken: N/A

Skills: Few English words

Physical description: 5ft tall

Character described: New, & illiterate

Suspected ware a bouts: N/A

Reward Offered: Compensate for troubles

Anything Unique: Want slave to be brought to the post office

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: N/A

Geographic where published: Williamsburg

Home of Subscriber: Williamsburg

How long missing: 1 week

Disfigurements: N/A

Clothing description: Good quality clothing and several articles to his outfit

5

Virginia Gazette (Purdie),
Williamsburg, January 31, 1777

# of Runaways: 2

Birthplace: N/A

Name: No “Negro wench” “Negro girl”

Age: N/A

Male or Female: Female(s)

Goods Taken: N/A

Skills: N/A

Physical description: 4 ft tall

Character described: Mother

Suspected ware a bouts: N/A

Reward Offered: + 31 shillings

Anything Unique: the runaway is a women and she has taken her child

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Non-abusive

Geographic where published: Gloucester Courthouse

Home of Subscriber: Williamsburg

How long missing: January 26 to January 31 (days)

Disfigurements: girl had sores on her head

Clothing description: N/A

6

Virginia Gazette (Dixon & Nicolson),
Richmond, January 8, 1780

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: N/A

Name: Harry

Age: yes, 35

Male or Female: Male

Goods Taken: N/A

Skills: N/A

Physical description: Skin color revealed

Character described: “well made” must be literate, skilled and smart

Suspected ware a bouts: James City County

Reward Offered: + $100

Anything Unique: Doesn’t list his skills

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave, skilled laborer

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Non-abusive

Geographic where published: James City county, Williamsburg

Home of Subscriber: Richmond

How long missing: 1 day

Disfigurements: N/A

Clothing description: “well made” so must have high-moderate quality clothing

7

Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser (Goddard),
Baltimore, May 9, 1780

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: N/A

Name: William Foster

Age: 20

Male or Female: Male

Goods Taken: N/A

Skills: N/A

Physical description: 5ft tall, Mulatto

Character described: N/A

Suspected ware a bouts:

Reward Offered: + 100 lbs

Anything Unique: Doesn’t describe his skills maybe so that no one takes him away, high reward as well

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Non-abusive

Geographic where published: Fairfax county

Home of Subscriber: Baltimore

How long missing: 8 days

Disfigurements: N/A

Clothing description: Worn clothing but several pieces to his outfit

8

Virginia Gazette or American Advertiser (Hayes),
Richmond, January 4, 1783

# of Runaways: 2

Birthplace: N/A

Name: Isaac & Betty

Age: 30-40 & 26

Male or Female: Both

Goods Taken: N/A

Skills: N/A

Physical description: Color of skin

Character described: N/A

Suspected ware a bouts: Norfolk VA

Reward Offered: N/A

Anything Unique: Unusual Ad, no reward given, only ages and name given to identify.

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slaves

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Non-abusive

Geographic where published: Henry County, VA ,Norfolk, VA ,Unknown, NC

Home of Subscriber: Richmond

How long missing: N/A

Disfigurements: N/A

Clothing description: N/A

9

Virginia Gazette and Weekly Advertiser (Nicolson & Prentis),
Richmond, January 18, 1783

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: N/A

Name: Peter

Age: 28

Male or Female: Male

Goods Taken: N/A

Skills: Good Waggoner

Physical description: 5’9ft tall well set, long teeth, very black skin, reddish eyes

Character described: N/A

Suspected ware a bouts: Dobbin’s ordinary of General’s Green’s retreat

Reward Offered: + 20lbs

Anything Unique: He joined a general’s teams

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Abusive

Geographic where published: Caswell County, NC

Home of Subscriber: Richmond

How long missing: N/A

Disfigurements: Scars on face

Clothing description: N/A

10

Virginia Gazette or American Advertiser (Hayes),
Richmond, January 1, 1785

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: Caroline County

Name: Charles

Age: 22

Male or Female: Male

Goods Taken: N/A

Skills: Literate, Smart,

Physical description: 5’8 ft tall, could be a black man skin color is dark

Character described: Smart, Skilled, Good Language Skills but impaired speech

Suspected ware a bouts: around his mother near Port Royal

Reward Offered: + $8 & out of pocket $

Anything Unique: the subscriber knows a lot of his family history.

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Non-abusive

Geographic where published: Port Royal, VA

Home of Subscriber: Richmond

How long missing: November 5 to January 1 (months)

Disfigurements: cast with his left eye

Clothing description: medium, worn clothing that pass as a well off freed man, had lots of clothing articles

Section 3: 1787-1803

1

Virginia Gazette and Weekly Advertiser (Nicolson),
Richmond, January 11, 1787

# of Runaways:

Birthplace: N/A

Name: Jim

Age: N/A

Male or Female:

Goods Taken: N/A

Skills: blacksmith

Physical description: Light skin color, mulatto, lost most teeth

Character described: frowns a lot, sensible, likes to drink,

Suspected ware a bouts: Fredericksburg

Reward Offered: + 50

Anything Unique: Blacksmith runaway and Light skinned

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave, skilled laborer as a blacksmith

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Non-abusive

Geographic where published: Fredericksburg, VA & Providence Forge, VA

Home of Subscriber: Richmond

How long missing: November 14 to January 11 ( months)

Disfigurements: Lost most teeth

Clothing description: A lot of variety of cloths,

2

Virginia Gazette and Weekly Advertiser (Nicolson),
Richmond, March 1, 1787

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: N/A

Name: Paul

Age: 24

Male or Female: Male

Goods Taken: N/A

Skills: N/A

Physical description: 5’9ft tall, has a certain way of walking

Character described: N/A

Suspected ware a bouts: N/A

Reward Offered: Compensate any expenses

Anything Unique: Subscriber only describes his disabilities and nothing else about skills or anything to detailed

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Abusive

Geographic where published: Rockingham County, VA

Home of Subscriber: Richmond

How long missing: August to March (months)

Disfigurements: Walks weird “knock-kneed”

Clothing description: N/A

3

Virginia Independent Chronicle (Davis),
Richmond, January 13, 1790

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: N/A

Name: Ben

Age: 18

Male or Female: Male

Goods Taken: N/A

Skills: N/A

Physical description: 5’7 ft tall

Character described: Cunning & artful

Suspected ware a bouts: Richmond

Reward Offered: + $ 5

Anything Unique: Subscriber stats “first instant” so he has had other slaves run away before & runaway has freed friends in Richmond

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: slave

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Abusive

Geographic where published: Augusta County, VA & Richmond, VA

Home of Subscriber: Richmond

How long missing: January 3 to January 13 (days)

Disfigurements: scar on back of hand

Clothing description: Moderate clothing quality with an old hat

4

Virginia Gazette and General Advertiser (Davis),
Richmond, January 4, 1792

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: N/A

Name: John aka Mr.Seaton’s Jack

Age: 25- 30

Male or Female: Male

Goods Taken: N/A

Skills: Part sailor

Physical description: strong made fellow, 5’6 ft tall,

Character described: likes to drink, strong, sailor skills

Suspected ware a bouts: On a Ship Trip, or King William or Hampton

Reward Offered: + $10

Anything Unique: The subscriber has many suspensions for where he could be, the runaway is party a sailor, might be taking a ship trip, has an earring.

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave, Sailor

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Non-abusive

Geographic where published: Hampton, VA & King William County, VA & Richmond, VA

Home of Subscriber: Richmond

How long missing: November 15- January 4 (months)

Disfigurements: N/A

Clothing description: Not a real good description of cloth, worn clothing

5

The Staunton Spy (Throckmorton & Chapman),
Staunton, February 1, 1794

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: N/A

Name: Aaron

Age: 22

Male or Female: Male

Goods Taken:

Skills: N/A

Physical description: Skin color revealed, stout man

Character described: well made fellow

Suspected ware a bouts:

Reward Offered: N/A

Anything Unique: a skilled slave wrote this ad for his master

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Non-abusive

Geographic where published: Fredericksburg, VA & Unknown, KY

Home of Subscriber: Staunton

How long missing: January 3 to February 1(1 month)

Disfigurements: Bad eye

Clothing description: Little clothing but worn clothing

6

Norfolk Herald (Willett and O’Connor),
Norfolk, January 11, 1796

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: N/A

Name: Phillis

Age: 26

Male or Female: Female

Goods Taken: N/A

Skills: N/A

Physical description: 5’ 3 ft tall, very black

Character described: shy

Suspected ware a bouts: Norfolk

Reward Offered: + $10

Anything Unique: the runaway is a women and high reward given for her

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Abusive

Geographic where published: Norfolk, VA & Petersburg, VA

Home of Subscriber: Norfolk

How long missing: December 30 to January 11 (days)

Disfigurements: scar on her check

Clothing description: N/A

7

Norfolk Herald (Willet and O’Connor),
Norfolk, January 6, 1798

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: N/A

Name: Robin

Age: N/A

Male or Female: Male

Goods Taken: N/A

Skills: N/A

Physical description: skin color revealed, one leg smaller then the other leg

Character described: liked, fights

Suspected ware a bouts: Norfolk passing as a sailor

Reward Offered: + $20

Anything Unique: had a stroke from fighting,

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Abusive

Geographic where published: Gloucester Courthouse, VA

Home of Subscriber: Norfolk

How long missing: December 29 to January 6 (days)

Disfigurements: scar on eye and scar on face

Clothing description: moderate quality clothing also carried other clothing articles with him.

8

District of Columbia Daily Advertiser (J. and J. D. Westcott),
District of Columbia, January 3, 1800

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: N/A

Name: Harry

Age: N/A

Male or Female: Male

Goods Taken: Gold watch

Skills: N/A

Physical description: N/A

Character described: N/A

Suspected ware a bouts: Suspects slave to be owned by Mr. James Fenwick of Pomonky Neck, Charles County, Maryland

Reward Offered: + Ad cost

Anything Unique: Someone put up a FOUND Ad for the runaway slave, and only name is given with found item

Crimes Committed: Stolen a Gold watch

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: bounty hunter caught the runaway

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Non-abusive

Geographic where published: Charles County, MD

Home of Subscriber: District of Columbia

How long missing: N/A

Disfigurements: N/A

Clothing description: Gold watch accessories nothing about clothing is described

9

Norfolk Herald (Willett and O’Connor),
Norfolk, January 3, 1801

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: N/A

Name: Rose

Age: N/A

Male or Female: Female

Goods Taken: N/A

Skills: N/A

Physical description: big mouth, teeth show, cast eyes, yellowish complexion

Character described: N/A

Suspected ware a bouts: N/A

Reward Offered: + compensation for trouble

Anything Unique: she has a gown on, the runaway was a women

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive: Alive

Relationship to Subscriber: Slave

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Non-abusive

Geographic where published: Norfolk, VA

Home of Subscriber: Norfolk

How long missing: 1 week

Disfigurements: N/A

Clothing description: high quality clothing blue gown

10

Alexandria Advertiser and Commercial Intelligencer (S. Snowden & Co.),
Alexandria, January 1, 1803

# of Runaways: 1

Birthplace: N/A

Name: Simon

Age: N/A

Male or Female: Male

Goods Taken: N/A

Skills: N/A

Physical description: 5’ 9 ft tall, color of skin revealed

Character described: N/A

Suspected ware a bouts: Suspects he belongs to Mr. James Gain, near Culpeper Court house

Reward Offered: – Ad fee’s and Jail fees

Anything Unique: Ad from Jail, if owner does not pick up and pay fees then runaway will be “disposed of as the law directs”

Crimes Committed: N/A

Wanted Dead or Alive:

Relationship to Subscriber: Authority captured the runaway

Subscriber’s abusive or non-abusive: Non-abusive

Geographic where published: Alexandria, VA & Culpeper County, VA

Home of Subscriber: Alexandria

How long missing: December 11 to January 1

Disfigurements: N/A

Clothing description: described as “negro cotton clothes” so very warn and old cloths